How Do Financial Firms Manage Risk? Unraveling the Interaction of Financial and Operational Hedging
以银行控股公司为样本，研究企业如何通过金融对冲和经营对冲管理风险，发现并购带来的经营对冲会减少后续的金融对冲，表明两者可相互替代。
This paper investigates how firms manage risk by examining the relationship between financial and operational hedging using a sample of bank holding companies. Risk management theory holds that capital market imperfections make cash flow volatility costly. I investigate whether financial firms consider this cost or focus exclusively on managing tradable exposures. After documenting that acquisitions provide operational hedging by reducing potentially costly volatility, I find that postacquisition financial hedging declines even after controlling for the specific underlying risks. In addition, the decrease in financial hedging is related to the acquisition's level of operational hedging. Larger increases in operational hedging are followed by larger declines in financial hedging. These results indicate that firms in this sample manage aggregate risk, not just tradable exposures, and that operational hedging can substitute for financial hedging. This paper was accepted by John Birge, focused issue editor.