Social Defenses Against Organizational Learning
提出组织学习需要改变内部的适应不良的社交防御机制，通过引入“系统领域”等新概念，从三个成功的咨询/行动研究项目中提炼变量，认为“组织意识”的建立是组织学习发生的前提。
It is argued that for organizational learning to occur maladaptive social defenses within the organization have to be altered. The origins of the concept of social defenses are traced through the work of Jaques and Menzies. A new concept of "system domain," and related concepts of "system domain fabric," and "system domain defenses," are proposed in order to account for the difficulties in sustaining organizational change in organizations that share a similar primary task. "Organizational learning" is defined as occurring when there is co-evolution of "organizational container" and "contained." The article distills variables from three successful consultancy/action research projects which are characteristic of organizations that are learning, and it is hypothesized that the creation of "organizational awareness" is necessary for organizational learning to occur.