Intermediate Goods and Weak Links in the Theory of Economic Development
重新审视了企业间通过中间品形成的关联性和互补性，发现中间品份额约一半时会产生类似新古典增长模型中资本的乘数效应，而生产链中的薄弱环节在互补性下会大幅降低产出，从而放大资源错配的影响，有助于解释各国巨大的收入差异。
What explains the enormous differences in incomes across countries? This paper returns to two old ideas: linkages and complementarity. First, linkages between firms through intermediate goods deliver a multiplier similar to the one associated with capital in a neoclassical growth model. Because the intermediate goods share of output is about one-half, this multiplier is substantial. Second, just as a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, problems along a production chain can sharply reduce output under complementarity. These forces considerably amplify distortions to the allocation of resources, bringing us closer to understanding large income differences across countries.