OFFSHORING, MULTINATIONALS AND LABOUR MARKET: A REVIEW OF THE EMPIRICAL LITERATURE
综述了离岸外包和跨国公司海外活动对发达国家劳动力市场的实证研究，发现材料离岸外包加剧了技能工资不平等并增加就业波动，而服务离岸外包对总就业影响较小但改变劳动力结构。
Abstract This paper reviews the empirical literature on the effects of offshoring and foreign activities of multinational enterprises on developed countries' labour markets. Results suggest that material offshoring worsens wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers; it also seems to make employment more volatile, by raising the elasticity of labour demand and the risk of job losses. Service offshoring exerts at most small negative effects on total employment, and changes the composition of the workforce in favour of high‐skilled white‐collar employees. Multinationals tend to substitute domestic and foreign labour in response to changes in relative wages across countries; substitutability is weak, however, and mainly driven by horizontal, market‐seeking foreign direct investments.