Consumption versus Expenditure
发现退休时食品支出下降，但购物和烹饪时间增加，食品摄入质量和数量并未下降；失业家庭的支出和消费下降与永久收入冲击一致。研究说明直接衡量消费能区分预期与非预期收入冲击，而支出指标则模糊了这一区别。
Previous authors have documented a dramatic decline in food expenditures at the time of retirement. We show that this is matched by an equally dramatic rise in time spent shopping for and preparing meals. Using a novel data set that collects detailed food diaries for a large cross section of U.S. households, we show that neither the quality nor the quantity of food intake deteriorates with retirement status. We also show that unemployed households experience a decline in food expenditure and food consumption commensurate with the impact of job displacement on permanent income. These results highlight how direct measures of consumption distinguish between anticipated and unanticipated shocks to income whereas measures of expenditures obscure the distinction.