IQ, Academic Performance, Environment, and Earnings
利用高中最后一年观察到的同伴、朋友、家庭、智商和学业表现数据，分析它们对35岁和53岁收入的影响，发现智商影响远小于《钟形曲线》所声称的，而学业表现和教育提升可弥补认知和环境缺陷。
This paper explores the effects of peers, friends, family, IQ, and academic performance, observed in the last year of high school, on earnings at ages 35 and 53. All significantly affect earnings at both ages. The effects of IQ are much smaller than asserted in, for example, The Bell Curve, and badly overstated in the absence of controls for family, wider context, or academic performance. Aspirations appear to be very important. Socialization and role models may be as well, but not ability spillovers. Feasible increases in academic performance and education can compensate for the effects of many cognitive and contextual deficits. © 2002 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.