Strategic Management and Determinism
批评将战略管理者视为机械分析者的观点，主张战略管理是创造性活动，并探讨自由意志与决定论之间的辩证关系。
Contingency theories of management and economic theories of industrial organization both contribute to a mechanistic view of the strategic manager as “analyst.” In this view, the secret to managerial effectiveness is through the application of scientific laws or principles, be they “laws of organization” or “laws of the marketplace.” This paper argues for a view of strategic management as a creative activity and suggests a dialectic between free will and determinism in conceptualizations of strategic behavior.