Hierarchies and the Survival of Prisoners of War During World War II
利用二战美军战俘数据，发现群体等级越森严或越接近军队原有等级，战俘生存率越低，可能因为等级制度阻碍了战俘间的交易。
Using a comprehensive database of American prisoners of war during World War II, we find that survival from captivity generally declines as the hierarchy of a prisoner's group becomes steeper or more closely matches the military's established hierarchy. There is no evidence that survival is enhanced by being held in more hierarchical groups. One interpretation of these findings that is consistent with survivors' accounts is that the military's hierarchy was too inflexible to adapt from the battlefield to captivity and this inflexibility impeded trading among the prisoners. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, finance.