Competitive Value When Only Labor is Scarce
论证即使只有劳动力稀缺，劳动价值论的有效性也取决于将一切劳动简化为同质等价物，并指出斯密、李嘉图和马克思的尝试比以往认识到的更多方面失败，且当劳动者对职业选择非无差异时理论同样失效。
Even when only labor is scarce, the validity of a labor theory of value depends on reducing all labor to a homogeneous equivalent. The various implicit or explicit efforts of Smith, Ricardo, and Marx to do so are shown to fail on more counts than previously recognized. The labor theory is also shown to fail when laborers are not indifferent among alternative occupations.