The Rise and Fall of Indentured Servitude in the Americas: An Economic Analysis
分析了契约奴役在美洲的起源、衰落与复兴，解释其如何从欧洲工人运输工具被黑人奴隶制取代，又在奴隶制废除后用于亚洲移民，直至1917年废除。
Indentured servitude appeared in Virginia by 1620. Initially a device used to transport European workers to the New World, over time servitude dwindled as black slavery grew in importance in the British colonies. Indentured servitude reappeared in the Americas in the mid-nineteenth century as a means of transporting Asians to the Caribbean sugar islands and South America following the abolition of slavery. Servitude then remained in legal use until its abolition in 1917. This paper provides an economic analysis of the innovation of indentured servitude, describes the economic forces that caused its decline and disappearance from the British colonies, and considers why indentured servitude was revived for migration to the West Indies during the time of the great free migration of Europeans to the Americas.