Building Better Theory: Time and The Specification of When Things Happen
探讨在因果研究中测量X和Y的时间点对判断因果关系及其强度的重要性，提出X-Y配置类型，并讨论对构建更好组织理论的启示。
In any investigation of a causal relationship between an X and a Y, the time when X and Y are measured is crucial for determining whether X causes Y, as well as the true strength of that relationship. Using past research and a review of current research, we develop a set of X,Y configurations that describe the main ways that causal relationships are represented in theory and tested in research. We discuss the theoretical, methodological, and analytical issues pertaining to when we measure X and Y and discuss the implications of this analysis for constructing better organizational theories.