When the Tide Turned: Immigration and the Delay of the Great Black Migration
利用州和城市层面数据，检验欧洲移民北上是否通过挤占就业机会，延迟了美国南方黑人的大迁徙，实证支持移民的威慑效应。
This article uses state and city level data to evaluate empirically Brinley Thomas's immigrant-as-deterrent view of the relationship between black emigration from the South and European immigration to the North. The article suggests a Todaro-like interpretation of the Great Migration, which emphasizes the importance of job availability to blacks in determining their expected wages. The combination of mass European immigration and hiring practices that favored white immigrants over blacks may have delayed the Great Migration by decades. The empirical work supports this view.