The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa
研究发现，非洲内部当前信任水平的差异可追溯至跨大西洋和印度洋奴隶贸易，祖先被大量掠夺的族群后代如今信任度更低，且因果关系通过多种识别策略得到支持。
We show that current differences in trust levels within Africa can be traced back to the transatlantic and Indian Ocean slave trades. Combining contemporary individual-level survey data with historical data on slave shipments by ethnic group, we find that individuals whose ancestors were heavily raided during the slave trade are less trusting today. Evidence from a variety of identification strategies suggests that the relationship is causal. Examining causal mechanisms, we show that most of the impact of the slave trade is through factors that are internal to the individual, such as cultural norms, beliefs, and values.