ESTIMATING SOCIAL COSTS OF ALTERNATIVE SUGAR POLICIES IN SOUTH AFRICA
研究了南非糖业单一价格、双层价格和乙醇生产三种政策的社会成本，发现双层价格方案成本更低，而乙醇生产会增加社会成本。
Social costs of a single‐price policy, a two‐tier price scheme and of ethanol production in the South African Sugar Industry are estimated. Results indicate that lower social costs are associated with the recently introduced two‐tier price scheme compared with the single‐price scheme which it replaced. Making quotas transferable under the two‐tier price scheme would reduce social costs even further. Ethanol production at present would add to social costs as its replacement value as fuel is less than the cost of production including opportunity costs. Results are obtained from a regional linear programming model that incorporates negative sloping demand functions for products, positive labour supply functions and variance‐covariance risk matrices. A limited substitution in the demand specification is also included.