Ethnic Enclaves and the Economic Success of Immigrants--Evidence from a Natural Experiment
利用瑞典难民分配政策提供的自然实验，研究发现族裔聚居区对移民的劳动力市场表现有正面因果效应，聚居程度每提高一个标准差，收入增加约4%到5%。
Recent immigrants tend to locate in ethnic ”enclaves” within metropolitan areas. The economic consequence of living in such enclaves is still an unresolved issue. We use an immigrant policy initiative in Sweden, when government authorities distributed refugee immigrants across locales in a way that may be considered exogenous. This policy initiative provides a unique natural experiment, which allows us to estimate the causal effect on labor market outcomes of living in enclaves. We find substantive evidence of sorting across locations. When sorting is taken into account, living in enclaves improves labor market outcomes; for instance, the earnings gain associated with a standard deviation increase in ethnic concentration is in the order of four to five percent.