Organizations and Nations: from Universalism to Institutionalism?
审视了在解释组织现象时强调国家特征的趋势，指出组织在所在社会中有显著的活动空间（表现为“所有权效应”），并提出了一个多层级学习框架来匹配国际最佳实践与国家偏好。
This article scrutinizes and explores recent tendencies of giving a salient role to national characteristics in the explanation and prescription of events inside and surrounding organizations, and examines the problems in re‐specifying the relations between national and firm levels of analysis. It is shown that there are significant zones of manoeuvre for organizations within the host society, which express themselves in an ‘ownership effect’, and that organization strategies must address the issue of matching international best practice to national predispositions, both directly and indirectly, through lobbying the local level and nation state. A multi‐level learning framework is proposed.