Communication: A Cultural System of Meaning and Value
提出沟通的本质不在于可见的形式和信息，而在于组织内预设的文化系统，该系统赋予沟通以意义和价值，强调隐藏的符号元素对沟通过程的决定性作用。
Communication is seldom what it appears to be. The critical heartland for the understanding of communication is not what is visible but rather what is invisible and hidden. Form and messages are secondary to pre-defined meanings within the organization. Namely, the embedded culture pre-sets communication among people and gives meaning to any messages which are communicated within the organization. Therefore, the hidden and symbolic elements give meaning to the visible communication process.