Customer Racial Discrimination in the Market for Memorabilia: The Case of Baseball
利用棒球卡市场数据，通过分析球员种族对其卡片价值的影响，检验消费者歧视假说，发现消费者歧视确实存在。
Because consumer discrimination can reduce productivity, it is often impossible to tell whether differential productivity is the effect of discrimination or of differential ability. Detailed data for the sports labor market make it possible to separate consumer discrimination from ability. We use a unique approach to determine whether the entertainment value of baseball players is related to their race: we examine whether race directly affects the value of a player in the market for baseball cards. In contrast to studies that use salaries, there is no room for owner or coworker discrimination. Our evidence supports the hypothesis of consumer discrimination.