Did Australian Living Standards Stagnate between 1890 and 1940?
研究了1890-1940年澳大利亚人均收入增长缓慢但生活水平可能翻倍的现象，通过调整GDP和考察社会指标（如预期寿命、工作时间）反驳了生活水平停滞的假设。
Among the developed countries, Australia in the period 1890–1940 experienced the fastest growth in population but the slowest in per capita income. When adjusted to incorporate the direct deflation of consumption expenditure, however, the growth of real GDP is raised by one-third, albeit to the still modest level of 0.8 percent annually. Inspection of a number of historical social indicators, not all caught in GDP, gives no support to the hypothesis of stagnant living standards. Finally, increases in life expectancy, a shorter working week, and earlier retirement also suggest substantial improvements in dimensions of standards of living not directly reflected in measured GDP. Conservatively, we estimate that living standards may have doubled over the half-century.