Livelihood adaptation to risk: Constraints and opportunities for pastoral development in Ethiopia's Afar region
以埃塞俄比亚阿法尔牧民为例，挑战了非洲牧区发展政策中“牧民贫困”的假设，揭示了牧民通过社会制度投资和市场操纵来管理风险、利用边缘环境的策略，并指出牧区贫困并非普遍现象。
Abstract Development policies in the pastoral areas of Africa assume that pastoralists are poor. Using the Afar pastoralists of Ethiopia as the focus of research this article challenges this depiction of pastoralism by exploring pastoral livelihood goals and traditional strategies for managing risk. Investment in social institutions to minimise the risk of outright destitution, sometimes at the cost of increased poverty, and significant manipulation of local markets enable the Afar to exploit a highly uncertain and marginal environment. Improved development assistance and enhanced targeting of the truly vulnerable within pastoral societies demands an acceptance that pastoral poverty is neither uniform nor universal.