Developing Country Exports of Manufactures: Moving Up the Ladder to Escape the Fallacy of Composition?
检验了18个最专业化于制成品的发展中国家对10个最大工业国市场的出口需求，发现多数发展中国家彼此竞争而非与工业国竞争，而出口高技术产品的少数国家则与工业国竞争且需求弹性更高，表明“合成谬误”主要适用于出口低技术产品的大多数国家。
Abstract This paper tests for a ‘fallacy of composition’ by analysing the demand for exports of the 18 developing countries that are most specialised in manufactures in the markets of the 10 largest industrial countries. Estimated export equations (both time-series and panel data) suggest that most developing countries compete with other developing country exporters rather than with industrialised country producers. A smaller number of countries that export more high-technology products compete with industrialised country producers and also have higher expenditure elasticities for their exports. Thus, the fallacy of composition applies mainly to the larger group of countries exporting mostly low-technology products.