LETTING DOWN THE TEAM? SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TEAM INCENTIVES
通过三个实地实验，研究发现团队激励比个人激励更能提高生产力（9%-17%），但个体更偏好个人激励，团队效应主要通过内疚或社会压力而非纯粹利他主义起作用。
This paper estimates social effects of incentivizing people in teams. In three field experiments featuring exogenous team formation and opportunities for repeated social interactions, we find large team effects that operate through social channels. In particular, assignment to a team treatment increases productivity by 9%–17% relative to an individual incentive treatment, even though the individual incentive yields a higher private return. Further, we find that in a choice treatment individuals overwhelmingly prefer the individual incentive to the team incentive, despite the latter being more effective. These results are most consistent with the team effects operating through guilt or social pressure as opposed to pure altruism.