The Ottoman Empire in the “Great Depression” of 1873–1896
研究发现，19世纪末奥斯曼帝国并未从全球贸易扩张中受益，反而面临外贸增长放缓、贸易条件恶化、小麦价格下跌和债务支付压力，农业和总产出增速也低于后期。
Contrary to the view that the periphery of the world economy benefited from rapidly expanding trade, the Ottoman economy actually faced a distinctly unfavorable world conjuncture during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Rates of growth of foreign trade dropped, external terms of trade deteriorated, declining wheat prices affected peasant producers, and the establishment of European control over Ottoman finances led to large debt payments abroad.Indirect data indicate that rates of change of agricultural and aggregate production were also lower during the “Great Depression” as compared to the later period.