Productivity growth and efficiency measurement: a dual approach
利用虚拟价格概念，从投入需求和产出供给的对偶系统中推导出产出技术效率，并将荷兰盆栽企业1976-1995年的全要素生产率增长分解为规模效应、效率变化效应和外生技术变化效应。
This paper derives output technical efficiency from a dual system of input demand and output supply equations using the concept of virtual prices. The underlying production function is firm-specific through intercept terms and slope parameters. The approach is used to decompose total factor productivity growth of Dutch pot-plant firms over the period 1976-1995 into a scale effect, an efficiency change effect and an exogenous technological change effect. The results show that total factor productivity has grown on average by 3.1 per cent per annum, with the main contribution (2.7 per cent) coming from improvements in technical efficiency.