Culture and Institutions: Economic Development in the Regions of Europe
利用19世纪末识字率和历史政治制度作为工具变量，研究发现欧洲各地区文化（如信任、尊重他人、个人自主信念）对当前经济发展有因果影响。
Does culture have a causal effect on economic development? The data on European regions suggest that it does. Culture is measured by indicators of individual values and beliefs, such as trust and respect for others, and confidence in individual self determination. To isolate the exogenous variation in culture, we rely on two historical variables used as instruments: the literacy rate at the end of the 19th century, and the political institutions in place over the past several centuries. The political and social history of Europe provides a rich source of variation in these two variables at a regional level. The exogenous component of culture due to history is strongly correlated with current regional economic development, after controlling for contemporaneous education, urbanization rates around 1850, and national effects.