Open Innovation: Past Research, Current Debates, and Future Directions.
定义了开放式创新并区分于开源，回顾了技术交易、用户创新、商业模式和创新市场等前期研究，评估了开放式创新是否是可持续趋势，并提出了一个多层级概念框架。
Executive Overview The concept of open innovation has recently gained widespread attention. It is particularly relevant now because many firms are required to implement open innovation, despite the difficulties associated with managing these activities. After providing a definition of open innovation delimiting it from open source, an overview of prior research is given, which identifies the following important topics of earlier open innovation research: technology transactions, user innovation, business models, and innovation markets. In light of current controversial debates about the value of the open innovation framework, we evaluate the literature and assess whether open innovation is a sustainable trend rather than a management fashion. On this basis, we present a conceptual framework that provides the foundation for discussing critical open innovation processes and their implications for managing open innovation at the organizational, project, and individual level. Thus, we assess the multilevel de...