Optimism and chance: The elephants in the entrepreneurship room
指出现有新创企业理论未能涵盖企业的时间多样性，多数只解释成长型企业。为此，结合运气与业主乐观提出乐观与运气理论，解释为何极少新创企业持续成长，以及美国失败者最终成功的原因。
This article argues that existing theories of new and small firms fail to capture the temporal diversity of such enterprises. Most are ‘one-way bets’ because they provide an explanation only for growing firms. To address this, this article combines the role of chance with the optimism of the business owner into optimism and chance (OC) theory. This provides an insight into why, for example, very few new or small firms grow continuously and why, when compared to Europe, individuals in the USA who initially failed in business, ultimately became successful.