“Una fiera senza luogo”: Was Bisenzone an International Capital Market in Sixteenth-Century Italy?
研究了16世纪中期至17世纪初热那亚银行家如何通过比森佐内交易集市，从多种渠道筹集资金并贷款给西班牙国王，形成高效的国际金融网络。
From the mid-sixteenth to the early seventeenth century, Genoese bankers collected money from a variety of sources and lent it to the king of Spain. It was all made possible by the Bisenzone exchange fairs, which created an efficient financial network under Genoese control and permitted arbitrage among northern Italian financial markets. At Bisenzone, Genoese bankers raised money for these loans from a variety of sources, which reduced the risks of lending and funded the king's long-term obligations via short term loans. Bisenzone was in many ways an offshore capital market which operated on an international scale, or, in the language of the sixteenth century, a fair without a place— una fiera senza luogo .