Employer-Employee Based Quality Circles in Japan: Human Resource Policy Implications for American Firms
追溯日本质量圈的发展，结合终身雇佣、年功序列、企业工会和家长式管理等传统，分析质量圈在激励员工、降低离职率、促进职业扩展和参与工作再设计中的作用，为美国企业提供人力资源政策启示。
This paper traces the development of the quality circle in Japan with reference to such traditions as permanent employment, nenko (seniority-based compensation), enterprise unionism, and management paternalism. Quality circles are examined as tools for motivating employees, reducing labor turnover, effecting employee "career expansion," and allowing employee participation in job redesign.