Toward an Appreciation of Collective Strategy
提出集体策略概念，即组织间联合制定政策和实施行动，作为管理组织与环境关系的新视角，对研究组织间合作与战略的学者有参考价值。
The field of business policy has variously characterized the task of managing organization-environment relations as: (a) responding to exogenous environmental threats and opportunities, (b) negotiating resource interdepen-dencies with outside stakeholders, and (c) strategically maneuvering vis-avis competitors in industrial arenas. An alternative way of characterizing the task of managing organization-environment relations is offered. This focuses on the notion of collective strategy: the joint formulation of policy and implementation of action by the members of interorganizational collectivities.