Profiles of Product Innovators Among Large U.S. Manufacturers
基于113家财富500强制造企业的27项环境、战略与组织要素，识别出四类创新模式不同的企业群体，发现高创新投入的企业财务表现最佳，而收购导向的非创新企业表现也较好。
This paper identifies four groups among 113 Fortune 500 manufacturers that approach innovation quite differently. The groups are based on 27 measured elements of corporate environment, corporate strategy, and formal and informal organization. Both product innovation and financial performance differ significantly over the groups, and a group of 42 firms that invest heavily in innovation perform best financially. A smaller group of firms that are not innovative but which follow a strategy of acquisition perform nearly as well financially. Firms focusing research resources on process innovation perform poorly, although process research complements product research among the effective innovators. Particularly important for explaining both product innovation and financial performance of these firms are salient combinations of classic elements of good environment, good strategy and good organization—strong positions in growing markets, investment in research and development, open and creative organizational structures and supportive organizational climates.