The Legacies of Forced Freedom: China's Treaty Ports
研究了从18世纪中期至今中国通商口岸的长期发展，对比了开放与封闭时期口岸及周边地区的动态路径，并提供了移民和行业增长方面的证据来解释其长期优势。
This paper investigates the long-run development of China's treaty ports from the mid-eighteenth century until today. Focusing on a sample of prefectures on the coast or on the Yangtze River, I document the dynamic development paths of treaty ports and their neighbors in alternate phases of closedness and openness. I also provide suggestive evidence on migration and sector-wise growth to understand the advantage of treaty ports in the long run. © 2014 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology