When does growth trickle down to the poor? The Indian case
通过理论分析和计量检验，研究印度农村长期是否存在涓滴效应，发现资本替代劳动阻碍了增长减贫，而政府反贫困措施和信贷公平分配才是1970年代末至1980年代贫困下降的主因。
A theoretical analysis and several econometric tests have been undertaken to examine whether the trickle down effect took place in rural India over a long time period. We found little evidence to suggest that the trickle down effect had occurred at all; our analysis suggests that the emergence of capital-labour substitution was primarily responsible for preventing growth from reducing poverty. The decline in poverty and a higher growth rate that took place during the late 1970s and 1980s were largely a result of government anti-poverty measures teamed with the more equitable distribution of credit and inputs to smaller and marginal farmers.