Evaluating the Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity of the European Convergence Process, 1980-1999*
提出一个框架，同时检验β趋同模型中的时间异质性、空间异质性和空间自相关，基于145个欧洲地区1980-1999年的数据，发现两个子时期存在空间误差自相关，且第二子时期出现空间不稳定性，表明欧盟外围地区形成了趋同俱乐部。
Abstract. In this paper, we suggest a framework that allows testing simultaneously for temporal heterogeneity, spatial heterogeneity, and spatial autocorrelation in β-convergence models. Based on a sample of 145 European regions over the 1980–1999 period, we estimate a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model with spatial regimes and spatial autocorrelation for two sub-periods: 1980–1989 and 1989–1999. The assumption of temporal independence between the two periods is rejected, and the estimation results point to the presence of spatial error autocorrelation in both sub-periods and spatial instability in the second sub-period, indicating the formation of a convergence club between the peripheral regions of the European Union.