Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Effects of Family and State in Malaysia
利用马来西亚三代家庭数据，分析父母教育对子女教育决策的直接与间接影响，发现至少三分之二的父母教育效应是直接的，且对同性子女影响更强。
The 1988 Malaysian Family Life Survey-2 includes data on the educational attainment of three generations of individuals in the same family enabling an analysis of the relative impacts of micro- and macro-level factors on schooling. Since independence in 1957 the Malaysian Government has pursued policies aimed at strengthening the educational system and ensuring access to the Malays the majority ethnic group. At the time of this survey educational attainment in Malaysia averaged 10 years and there were no significant gender or racial differentials. Used in this analysis was a sequential discrete-time hazard model that estimated equations for the schooling decisions (none elementary secondary and postsecondary) of all children within a family jointly and identified family-specific economic and demographic constraints present at the time schooling decisions were made. Of primary interest was the role of parental education in the intergenerational transmission of educational attainment. The models indicated that at least two-thirds of the impact of parental education was a direct consequence of parent schooling and the remaining one-third resulted from unmeasured factors that influence the educational attainment of parents and children. The direct effects of parental education primarily influence same-sex children and the effect of a mothers education on her daughters school attendance is slightly stronger than the effect of a fathers education on that of his son. The direct effect of fathers education appears to stem primarily from its impact on economic resources and location of the family while the direct effect of maternal education operates through the quality of time she spends with children.