The Gender Gap in Earnings Among Teachers: The Case of Iowa in 1915
利用1915年爱荷华州人口普查数据，分解教师收入性别差距，发现均值上至少25.6%的差距无法由可观测特征解释，且随收入上升未解释部分增大，暗示存在玻璃天花板效应。
This paper draws on the 1915 Iowa State Census Report to decompose the gender gap in earnings into explained and unexplained parts. A novel feature is that the decomposition is performed not only at the mean but also over the entire distribution of earnings. In addition, an entire state, rather than a few cities, is considered. This paper finds that at least 25.6 percent, and probably more, of the gap is unexplained by the main observable characteristics at the mean. More interestingly, the unexplained part grows moving up the distribution of earnings, which indicates the possibility of a glass-ceiling effect for women. Results provide new insight into gender wage gaps among the highly educated, theories and empirical analysis in labor economics, and quantification in the history of education.