Promises, Threats and Fairness
通过实验证明承诺和威胁能缓解敲竹杠问题，并基于公平与一致性偏好构建模型，发现公平意识增强承诺可信度但削弱威胁可信度。
We present experimental evidence that promises and threats mitigate the hold–up problem. While investors rely as much on their own threats as on their trading partner’s promises, the latter are more credible. Building on recent work in psychology and behavioral economics, we then present a simple model within which agents are concerned about both fairness and consistency. The model can account for several of our experimental findings. Its most striking implication is that fairmindedness strengthens the credibility of promises to behave fairly, but weakens the credibility of threats to punish unfair behavior.