An Empirical Study of the Effect of Knowledge Management Processes at Individual, Group, and Organizational Levels*
基于NASA肯尼迪航天中心159人的调查和两轮访谈，用结构方程模型分析四个知识管理过程（内化、外化、社会化、组合）对个体、群体和组织层面知识管理有效性的影响，发现内化和外化影响个体层面，社会化和组合分别影响群体和组织层面，且有效性从个体向组织逐层提升。
ABSTRACT To enhance our understanding of knowledge management, this paper focuses on a specific question: How do knowledge management processes influence perceived knowledge management effectiveness? Prior literature is used to develop the research model, including hypotheses about the effects of four knowledge management processes (internalization, externalization, socialization, and combination) on perceived individual‐level, group‐level, and organizational‐level knowledge management effectiveness. The study was conducted at the John F. Kennedy Space Center of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration using a survey of 159 individuals and two rounds of personal interviews. Structural equation modeling was performed to test measurement and structural models using the survey data. The emergent model suggests that internalization and externalization impact perceived effectiveness of individual‐level knowledge management. Socialization and combination influence perceived effectiveness of knowledge management at group and organizational levels, respectively. The results also support the expected upward impact in perceived effectiveness of knowledge management, from individual to group level, as well as from group level to organizational level. The study's limitations and implications for practice and future research are described.