The Democratization of Invention During Early Industrialization: Evidence from the United States, 1790–1846
研究了美国早期工业化时期，发明所需的技能和知识在普通人群中广泛分布，市场扩张促使更多人参与发明，专利数量加速增长，后期长期投入发明的专利人重要性上升。
The skills and knowledge necessary for patentable invention during early American industrialization were widely dispersed among the general population. This endowment permitted a rather elastic supply of patentable ideas over the relevant range as the expansion of markets induced more individuals to invent and innovate.Although a broadening of the ranks of patentees was primarily responsible for the initial acceleration of patenting, the importance of patentees with greater long-term investments in inventive activity increased during later stages of development.