Dominant designs, innovation shocks, and the follower's dilemma
挑战主导设计理论，提出创新冲击（如福特T型车）在主导设计出现前就引发战略调整和退出潮，并分析追随者如何根据调整成本应对这一困境。
A dominant design is thought to usher in a period of intense competition based on cost, causing an often‐fierce industry shakeout. We aim to challenge the foundations of the dominant design literature, and develop new insights about the evolution of competition. We argue that strategic repositioning and elevated exit rates are often observed long before the emergence of a dominant design, and that a key cause is the introduction of a particular product for which demand is unexpectedly high (an “innovation shock”). This introduction creates a dilemma for followers, which we suggest is resolved based on followers' comparative adjustment costs. We test implications of these ideas on data from the early U.S . auto industry, treating F ord's M odel T as the innovation shock . Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.