Against all Odds: A Consideration of Core-Stigmatized Organizations
区分了可恢复的事件污名与不可恢复的核心污名，探讨核心污名的本质、外部评价冲突的作用及组织应对，帮助理解非法组织的存续。
Studies of illegitimate organizations have failed to present consistent definitions and to recognize that illegitimate organizations persist. Drawing on the emerging organizational stigma literature, I separate recoverable event-stigma from nonrecoverable core-stigma—an extreme form of the poorly defined construct of illegitimacy. I examine the nature of core-stigma, the role of conflicting external audience evaluations that determine and express this stigma, and some organizational outcomes and responses. I end by proposing some implications for building a greater understanding of these and other illegitimate organizations and a possible agenda for future research.