The Social Costs of Mineland Restoration
研究矿区恢复中采矿者与社会规划者决策差异导致的社会成本，发现通过针对最终场地因素和地租的债券可降低成本，但无法完全消除，需加强命令控制型监管。
A model of mineland restoration is presented to show the wedge between mine operator and social planner decisions and social costs of current instruments. We find, first, mine operator efforts may not match socially optimal levels and consequently generate relatively high social costs, second, social costs can be reduced using a bond that targets eventual site factors and land rent generation, and, third, in general, social costs may not be eliminated fully at bond levels that still encourage the mine operator to choose forest over grassland as a postmining use. This suggests greater scope for command- and control-based regulation. <i></i>