U.S. national security export controls: Implications for global competitiveness of U.S. high‐tech firms
研究了美国对高科技“两用”产品的出口管制如何因技术可替代性和他国宽松执行而失效，并指出不必要的限制会损害美国企业在全球市场的竞争地位，建议将经济安全纳入国家安全概念。
Abstract U.S. exporters of high‐technology, ‘dual‐use’ products are competitively disadvantaged in global markets by the complexity, range, and stringency of U.S. national security export controls. This paper demonstrates that fungibility of high technology and lax interpretation of multilateral export control agreements by other advanced countries have made the existing control regime ineffective. It further shows that persistent U.S. restrictiveness of exports in non‐critical, widely available goods and technologies may needlessly and permanently erode U.S. firms' competitive position in existing as well as rapidly‐opening markets worldwide. The need to revise the notion of national security to include not only military security, but also its complement, economic security, is discussed. The pivotal issue of enforceability of multilateral controls is explored, and corporate strategies for U.S. high‐tech firms to achieve export control policy change are suggested.