Estimating Effect Sizes From Pretest-Posttest-Control Group Designs
比较了三种效应量估计方法在偏差、精度和对方差异质性的稳健性上的表现，推荐使用基于处理组和对照组前后变化均值差除以合并前测标准差的方法。
Previous research has recommended several measures of effect size for studies with repeated measurements in both treatment and control groups. Three alternate effect size estimates were compared in terms of bias, precision, and robustness to heterogeneity of variance. The results favored an effect size based on the mean pre-post change in the treatment group minus the mean pre-post change in the control group, divided by the pooled pretest standard deviation.