Referent Organizations and the Development of Inter-Organizational Domains
探讨在快速变化环境中，单个组织无法应对复杂问题，需要跨组织协作，而“参照组织”在其中起中介作用，并分析了领域形成的四个过程。
Complex societies in fast-changing environments give rise to sets or systems of problems (meta-problems) rather than discrete problems. These are beyond the capacity of single organizations to meet. Inter-organizational collaboration is required by groups of organizations at what is called the “domain” level. The required capability at this level is mediated by “referent organizations. ” Key aspects of domain formation are discussed in relation to the functions and types of referent organization, of which there are several varieties. Four processes of domain development are identified which compose a sequence.