City Size and Ethnic Discrimination: Michigan Agricultural Implements and Iron Working Industries, 1890
研究了1890年密歇根农具与钢铁行业中，城市规模如何影响移民的就业歧视与职业流动，发现大城市歧视限制晋升，小城市歧视阻碍进入。
Late nineteenth-century immigrants tended to concentrate in large cities despite the fact that they experienced less occupational mobility there than they did in small cities. This paper suggests that variation across cities in labor management systems and in the associated froms of discrimination may help to explain this apparent paradox. Analysis of data from Michigan's agricultural implements and iron-working industries in 1890 indicates that discrimination in hiring made it more difficult for immigrants to break into the small-city labor force. But in large cities, immigrant mobility was restricted by discriminatory barriers to entry into higher level jobs.