Downward Nominal and Real Wage Rigidity: Survey Evidence from European Firms*
基于对欧洲企业的独特调查，研究了名义和实际工资向下刚性的影响因素，发现劳动力构成、集体谈判覆盖率和永久合同比例与工资刚性相关，对理解劳动力市场制度有参考价值。
Abstract We present new evidence from a unique survey of firms across Europe on downward wage rigidity in both real and nominal terms. Our results indicate that wage rigidities are related to workforce composition in a manner that is consistent with related theoretical models. We also find that wage rigidity depends on the labour market institutional environment. Collective bargaining coverage is positively related with downward real wage rigidity, measured on the basis of wage indexation. Downward nominal wage rigidity is positively associated with the extent of permanent contracts and this effect is stronger in countries with stricter employment protection regulations.