Craft Guilds, Apprenticeship, and Technological Change in Preindustrial Europe
论证中世纪手工业行会通过学徒制提供可转移技能，维持区域专业劳动力市场，并通过移民劳动扩散技术、为发明者提供临时垄断租金，从而促进技术创新，最终因国家法令废除而消失。
This article argues that medieval craft guilds emerged in order to provide transferable skills through apprenticeship. They prospered for more than half a millennium because they sustained interregional specialized labor markets and contributed to technological invention by stimulating technical diffusion through migrant labor and by providing inventors with temporary monopoly rents. They played a leading role in preindustrial manufacture because their main competitor, rural putting out, was a net consumer rather than producer of technological innovation. They finally disappeared not through adaptive failure but because national states abolished them by decree.