Beyond import substitution and export promotion: A new typology of trade strategies
澄清了文献中关于“出口促进”和“外向型”概念的混淆，提出了五种互斥的贸易战略，并实证分析了六个发展中国家的战略，发现成功的东亚国家实际实行的是基于幼稚产业的“受保护的出口促进”战略，保护主义是其出口导向战略的组成部分。
There is considerable confusion in the literature as to what exactly is meant by ‘export promotion’, or ‘outward‐orientation’. This article identifies five mutually‐exclusive trade strategies, and defines the underlying sectoral and market orientations of each. It then measures empirically the strategies of six developing countries. The empirical findings indicate that some of the successful East Asian countries actually pursued an infant industry‐based, exporter‐oriented, ‘protected export promotion’ strategy, not the commonly perceived, static comparative advantage‐based ‘export promotion’ strategy; their protectionist policies are not mere exceptions, but integral elements of their export‐oriented strategy.