Using Repeat Challengers to Estimate the Effect of Campaign Spending on Election Outcomes in the U.S. House
通过分析同一对候选人多次对决的选举，控制候选人固有差异，发现竞选支出对选举结果的影响极小，远低于以往研究估计。
Previous studies of congressional spending have typically found a large positive effect of challenger spending but little evidence for effects of incumbent spending. Those studies, however, do not adequately control for inherent differences in vote-getting ability across candidates. This paper examines elections in which the same two candidates face one another on more than one occasion; differencing eliminates the influence of any fixed candidate or district attributes. Estimates of the effects of challenger spending are an order of magnitude below those of previous studies. Campaign spending has an extremely small impact on election outcomes, regardless of who does the spending. Copyright 1994 by University of Chicago Press.